integer.cc

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009 The University of Edinburgh
 * Copyright (c) 2021 IBM Corporation
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 * met: redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer;
 * redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution;
 * neither the name of the copyright holders nor the names of its
 * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
 * this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
 * A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
 * OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
 * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
 * OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */
 
#include "arch/power/insts/integer.hh"
 
namespace gem5
{
 
using namespace PowerISA;
 
std::string
IntOp::generateDisassembly(Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printDest = true;
    bool printSrcs = true;
    bool printSecondSrc = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "mtcrf" ||
        myMnemonic == "mtxer" ||
        myMnemonic == "mtlr"  ||
        myMnemonic == "mtctr" ||
        myMnemonic == "mttar" ||
        myMnemonic == "mttb"  ||
        myMnemonic == "mttbu") {
        printDest = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "mfcr"  ||
               myMnemonic == "mfxer" ||
               myMnemonic == "mflr"  ||
               myMnemonic == "mfctr" ||
               myMnemonic == "mftar" ||
               myMnemonic == "mftb"  ||
               myMnemonic == "mftbu") {
        printSrcs = false;
    }
 
    // Additional characters depending on isa bits being set
    if (oe)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + "o";
    if (rc)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + ".";
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0 && printDest)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the (possibly) two source registers
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0 && printSrcs) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0 && printDest)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
        if (_numSrcRegs > 1 && printSecondSrc) {
          ss << ", ";
          printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
        }
    }
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntImmOp::generateDisassembly(Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", mnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
    }
 
    // Print the immediate value last
    ss << ", " << (int32_t)si;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntArithOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSecondSrc = true;
    bool printThirdSrc = false;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "addme" ||
        myMnemonic == "addze" ||
        myMnemonic == "subfme" ||
        myMnemonic == "subfze" ||
        myMnemonic == "neg") {
        printSecondSrc = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "maddhd" ||
               myMnemonic == "maddhdu" ||
               myMnemonic == "maddld") {
        printThirdSrc = true;
    }
 
    // Additional characters depending on isa bits being set
    if (oe)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + "o";
    if (rc)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + ".";
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the second source register
        if (_numSrcRegs > 1 && printSecondSrc) {
            ss << ", ";
            printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
 
            // Print the third source register
            if (_numSrcRegs > 2 && printThirdSrc) {
                ss << ", ";
                printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(2));
            }
        }
    }
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntImmArithOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool negateImm = false;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "addi") {
        if (_numSrcRegs == 0) {
            myMnemonic = "li";
        } else if (si < 0) {
            myMnemonic = "subi";
            negateImm = true;
        }
    } else if (myMnemonic == "addis") {
        if (_numSrcRegs == 0) {
            myMnemonic = "lis";
        } else if (si < 0) {
            myMnemonic = "subis";
            negateImm = true;
        }
    } else if (myMnemonic == "addic" && si < 0) {
        myMnemonic = "subic";
        negateImm = true;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "addic_") {
        if (si < 0) {
            myMnemonic = "subic.";
            negateImm = true;
        } else {
            myMnemonic = "addic.";
        }
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
    }
 
    // Print the immediate value
    if (negateImm)
        ss << ", " << -si;
    else
        ss << ", " << si;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntDispArithOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSrcs = true;
    bool printDisp = true;
    bool negateDisp = false;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "addpcis") {
        printSrcs = false;
        if (d == 0) {
            myMnemonic = "lnia";
            printDisp = false;
        } else if (d < 0) {
            myMnemonic = "subpcis";
            negateDisp = true;
        }
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0 && printSrcs) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
    }
 
    // Print the displacement
    if (printDisp)
        ss << ", " << (negateDisp ? -d : d);
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntLogicOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSecondSrc = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "or" && srcRegIdx(0) == srcRegIdx(1)) {
        myMnemonic = "mr";
        printSecondSrc = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "extsb" ||
               myMnemonic == "extsh" ||
               myMnemonic == "extsw" ||
               myMnemonic == "cntlzw" ||
               myMnemonic == "cntlzd" ||
               myMnemonic == "cnttzw" ||
               myMnemonic == "cnttzd") {
        printSecondSrc = false;
    }
 
    // Additional characters depending on isa bits being set
    if (rc)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + ".";
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the second source register
        if (printSecondSrc) {
 
            // If the instruction updates the CR, the destination register
            // Ra is read and thus, it becomes the second source register
            // due to its higher precedence over Rb. In this case, it must
            // be skipped.
            if (rc) {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 2) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(2));
                }
            } else {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 1) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntImmLogicOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printRegs = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "ori" &&
        destRegIdx(0).index() == 0 && srcRegIdx(0).index() == 0) {
        myMnemonic = "nop";
        printRegs = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "xori" &&
               destRegIdx(0).index() == 0 && srcRegIdx(0).index() == 0) {
        myMnemonic = "xnop";
        printRegs = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "andi_") {
        myMnemonic = "andi.";
    } else if (myMnemonic == "andis_") {
        myMnemonic = "andis.";
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    if (printRegs) {
 
        // Print the first destination only
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the source register
        if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
            if (_numDestRegs > 0)
                ss << ", ";
            printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
        }
 
        // Print the immediate value
        ss << ", " << ui;
    }
 
     return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntCompOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printFieldPrefix = false;
    bool printLength = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "cmp" ||
        myMnemonic == "cmpl") {
        myMnemonic += l ? "d" : "w";
        printFieldPrefix = true;
        printLength = false;
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (printFieldPrefix) {
        if (bf > 0)
            ss << "cr" << (int) bf;
    } else {
        ss << (int) bf;
    }
 
    // Print the length
    if (printLength) {
        if (!printFieldPrefix || bf > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        ss << (int) l;
    }
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (!printFieldPrefix || bf > 0 || printLength)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the second source register
        if (_numSrcRegs > 1) {
            ss << ", ";
            printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
        }
    }
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntImmCompOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printFieldPrefix = false;
    bool printLength = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "cmpi") {
        myMnemonic = l ? "cmpdi" : "cmpwi";
        printFieldPrefix = true;
        printLength = false;
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (printFieldPrefix) {
        if (bf > 0)
            ss << "cr" << (int) bf;
    } else {
        ss << (int) bf;
    }
 
    // Print the length
    if (printLength) {
        if (!printFieldPrefix || bf > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        ss << (int) l;
    }
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (!printFieldPrefix || bf > 0 || printLength)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
    }
 
    // Print the immediate value
    ss << ", " << si;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntImmCompLogicOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printFieldPrefix = false;
    bool printLength = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "cmpli") {
        myMnemonic = l ? "cmpldi" : "cmplwi";
        printFieldPrefix = true;
        printLength = false;
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (printFieldPrefix) {
        if (bf > 0)
            ss << "cr" << (int) bf;
    } else {
        ss << (int) bf;
    }
 
    // Print the length
    if (printLength) {
        if (!printFieldPrefix || bf > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        ss << (int) l;
    }
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (!printFieldPrefix || bf > 0 || printLength)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
    }
 
    // Print the immediate value
    ss << ", " << ui;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntShiftOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSecondSrc = true;
    bool printShift = false;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "srawi") {
        printSecondSrc = false;
        printShift = true;
    }
 
    // Additional characters depending on isa bits being set
    if (rc)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + ".";
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the second source register
        if (printSecondSrc) {
 
            // If the instruction updates the CR, the destination register
            // Ra is read and thus, it becomes the second source register
            // due to its higher precedence over Rb. In this case, it must
            // be skipped.
            if (rc) {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 2) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(2));
                }
            } else {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 1) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Print the shift value
    if (printShift)
        ss << ", " << (int) sh;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntConcatShiftOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSecondSrc = true;
    bool printShift = false;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "sradi" ||
        myMnemonic == "extswsli") {
        printSecondSrc = false;
        printShift = true;
    }
 
    // Additional characters depending on isa bits being set
    if (rc)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + ".";
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the second source register
        if (printSecondSrc) {
 
            // If the instruction updates the CR, the destination register
            // Ra is read and thus, it becomes the second source register
            // due to its higher precedence over Rb. In this case, it must
            // be skipped.
            if (rc) {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 2) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(2));
                }
            } else {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 1) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Print the shift value
    if (printShift)
        ss << ", " << (int) sh;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntRotateOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSecondSrc = true;
    bool printShift = true;
    bool printMaskBeg = true;
    bool printMaskEnd = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "rlwinm") {
        if (mb == 0 && me == 31) {
            myMnemonic = "rotlwi";
            printMaskBeg = false;
            printMaskEnd = false;
        } else if (sh == 0 && me == 31) {
            myMnemonic = "clrlwi";
            printShift = false;
            printMaskEnd = false;
        }
        printSecondSrc = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "rlwnm") {
        if (mb == 0 && me == 31) {
            myMnemonic = "rotlw";
            printMaskBeg = false;
            printMaskEnd = false;
        }
        printShift = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "rlwimi") {
        printSecondSrc = false;
    }
 
    // Additional characters depending on isa bits being set
    if (rc)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + ".";
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the second source register
        if (printSecondSrc) {
 
            // If the instruction updates the CR, the destination register
            // Ra is read and thus, it becomes the second source register
            // due to its higher precedence over Rb. In this case, it must
            // be skipped.
            if (rc) {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 2) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(2));
                }
            } else {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 1) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Print the shift value
    if (printShift)
        ss << ", " << (int) sh;
 
    // Print the mask bounds
    if (printMaskBeg)
        ss << ", " << (int) mb;
    if (printMaskEnd)
        ss << ", " << (int) me;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
std::string
IntConcatRotateOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSecondSrc = false;
    bool printShift = true;
    bool printMaskBeg = true;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "rldicl") {
        if (mb == 0) {
            myMnemonic = "rotldi";
            printMaskBeg = false;
        } else if (sh == 0) {
            myMnemonic = "clrldi";
            printShift = false;
        }
    } else if (myMnemonic == "rldcl") {
        if (mb == 0) {
            myMnemonic = "rotld";
            printMaskBeg = false;
        }
        printSecondSrc = true;
        printShift = false;
    } else if (myMnemonic == "rldcr") {
        printSecondSrc = true;
        printShift = false;
    }
 
    // Additional characters depending on isa bits being set
    if (rc)
        myMnemonic = myMnemonic + ".";
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the first destination only
    if (_numDestRegs > 0)
        printReg(ss, destRegIdx(0));
 
    // Print the first source register
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (_numDestRegs > 0)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
 
        // Print the second source register
        if (printSecondSrc) {
 
            // If the instruction updates the CR, the destination register
            // Ra is read and thus, it becomes the second source register
            // due to its higher precedence over Rb. In this case, it must
            // be skipped.
            if (rc) {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 2) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(2));
                }
            } else {
                if (_numSrcRegs > 1) {
                    ss << ", ";
                    printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Print the shift amount
    if (printShift)
        ss << ", " << (int) sh;
 
    // Print the mask bound
    if (printMaskBeg)
        ss << ", " << (int) mb;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntTrapOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::string ext;
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printSrcs = true;
    bool printCond = false;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    if (myMnemonic == "tw" &&
        (srcRegIdx(0).index() == 0) && (srcRegIdx(1).index() == 0)) {
        myMnemonic = "trap";
        printSrcs = false;
    } else {
        ext = suffix();
        if (!ext.empty() &&
            (myMnemonic == "tw" || myMnemonic == "td")) {
            myMnemonic += ext;
        } else {
            printCond = true;
        }
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the trap condition
    if (printCond)
        ss << (int) to;
 
    // Print the source registers
    if (printSrcs) {
        if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
            if (printCond)
                ss << ", ";
            printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
        }
 
        if (_numSrcRegs > 1) {
            ss << ", ";
            printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(1));
        }
    }
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
 
std::string
IntImmTrapOp::generateDisassembly(
        Addr pc, const loader::SymbolTable *symtab) const
{
    std::string ext;
    std::stringstream ss;
    bool printCond = false;
 
    // Generate the correct mnemonic
    std::string myMnemonic(mnemonic);
 
    // Special cases
    ext = suffix();
    if (!ext.empty()) {
        if (myMnemonic == "twi") {
            myMnemonic = "tw" + ext + "i";
        } else if (myMnemonic == "tdi") {
            myMnemonic = "td" + ext + "i";
        } else {
            printCond = true;
        }
    } else {
        printCond = true;
    }
 
    ccprintf(ss, "%-10s ", myMnemonic);
 
    // Print the trap condition
    if (printCond)
        ss << (int) to;
 
    // Print the source registers
    if (_numSrcRegs > 0) {
        if (printCond)
            ss << ", ";
        printReg(ss, srcRegIdx(0));
    }
 
    // Print the immediate value
    ss << ", " << si;
 
    return ss.str();
}
 
} // namespace gem5